1.1 本规程涵盖了水性油的取样和分析的广泛概念，用于识别和比较可疑来源的油。本规程中引用了详细的程序。提供了一种通用的方法来帮助研究人员规划一个程序，以解决化学表征问题并确定水性油样品的来源。 1.2 这一做法适用于从水体中提取的所有水性油，无论是天然的还是人造的，如公海、河口或海湾、湖泊、河流、较小的溪流、运河； 或者来自海滩、沼泽或河岸，这些水系的内衬或边缘。通常，水性油漂浮在水面上或聚集在毗邻水面的陆地表面上，但偶尔这些油或部分油会在水中乳化或溶解，或被掺入水下的沉积物中，或被生活在水中或沉积物中的生物中。 1.3 目前编写的这一实践建议使用参考ASTM标准中描述的特定分析技术。 随着表征水性油的附加技术的开发和编写成为测试方法，本规程将进行修订。 1.4 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.5 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 来自一个原油油田的石油很容易与另一个区分开来，并且经常可以观察到来自同一原油油田的油的组成的差异。精炼油是原油库存的馏分，通常来源于蒸馏过程。两种相同类型的精炼油之所以不同，是因为它们的原油原料特性不同，炼油工艺不同，以及在转移操作过程中与罐、船、管道、软管等残留物混合的其他油的任何后续接触。 因此，在某种程度上，所有的石油都具有不同的化学成分。 4.2 回收油的识别是通过与所选的已知油进行比较来确定的，因为已知油可能与特定的回收油有关，例如可疑来源。因此，必须收集此类已知油的样本，并将其与未知油一起提交分析。如果不与已知石油进行比较，就无法单独确定未知石油的来源。 参考文献中讨论了漏油识别的原则 ( 1. ) . 4. 4.3 需要许多相似之处（在采样、分析和风化的不确定性范围内）来确定无合理怀疑的身份。所描述的分析将区分许多但不是所有的样本。参考文献中包括了各类油的风化示例 ( 2. ) . 4.4 本规程是使用ASTM试验方法分析漏油样品的指南。 本实践中讨论了分析方法的结果评估和漏油识别报告的编制。参考文献中描述了其他分析方法 ( 3. ) . 4.5 规定了识别漏油的质量保证程序。

1.1 This practice covers the broad concepts of sampling and analyzing waterborne oils for identification and comparison with suspected source oils. Detailed procedures are referenced in this practice. A general approach is given to aid the investigator in planning a program to solve the problem of chemical characterization and to determine the source of a waterborne oil sample. 1.2 This practice is applicable to all waterborne oils taken from water bodies, either natural or man-made, such as open oceans, estuaries or bays, lakes, rivers, smaller streams, canals; or from beaches, marshes, or banks lining or edging these water systems. Generally, the waterborne oils float on the surface of the waters or collect on the land surfaces adjoining the waters, but occasionally these oils, or portions, are emulsified or dissolved in the waters, or are incorporated into the sediments underlying the waters, or into the organisms living in the water or sediments. 1.3 This practice as presently written proposes the use of specific analytical techniques described in the referenced ASTM standards. As additional techniques for characterizing waterborne oils are developed and written up as test methods, this practice will be revised. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Oil from one crude oil field is readily distinguishable from another, and differences in the makeup of oils from the same crude oil field can often be observed as well. Refined oils are fractions from crude oil stocks, usually derived from distillation processes. Two refined oils of the same type differ because of dissimilarities in the characteristics of their crude oil feed stocks as well as variations in refinery processes and any subsequent contact with other oils mixed in during transfer operations from residues in tanks, ships, pipes, hoses, and so forth. Thus, all petroleum oils, to some extent, have chemical compositions different from each other. 4.2 Identification of a recovered oil is determined by comparison with known oils selected because of their possible relationship to the particular recovered oil, for example, suspected sources. Thus, samples of such known oils must be collected and submitted along with the unknown for analysis. Identification of the source of an unknown oil by itself cannot be made without comparison to a known oil. The principles of oil spill identification are discussed in Ref ( 1 ) . 4 4.3 Many similarities (within uncertainties of sampling, analysis and weathering) will be needed to establish the identity beyond a reasonable doubt. The analyses described will distinguish many, but not all samples. Examples of weathering of various classes of oils are included in Ref ( 2 ) . 4.4 This practice is a guide to the use of ASTM test methods for the analysis of oil samples for oil spill identification purposes. The evaluation of results from analytical methods and preparation of an Oil Spill Identification Report are discussed in this practice. Other analytical methods are described in Ref ( 3 ) . 4.5 A quality assurance program for oil spill identification is specified.