使用螺旋缠绕膜处理微咸水水源已获得成功 广泛接受。然而，这项技术并非没有操作上的困难，其中之一是 这就是膜污染。加拿大萨斯喀彻温省的地下水供应 通常非常坚硬，富含铁、锰，通常还有有机碳和铵。 通过结垢产生的污垢可以通过阻垢剂和回收进行控制，但通常 需要进行某种形式的预处理，以减少导致胶体和氧化的成分 生物污染。 在一些小的第一民族水域，已经实施了膜前生物过滤 萨斯喀彻温省的处理系统。逐步过滤过程针对铁、砷、， 铵和有机碳可以减少这些成分，因为它们可以用作能源 可能会滋生并污染膜元件的细菌来源。这个过程也是如此 减少氧化铁和锰作为化学氧化剂造成胶体污染的可能性 没有使用。膜产生的水显示出非常低的氯需求量，因为 去除容易氧化的物质。通过限制对化学品的依赖和需求 水的处理仅限于低剂量的膜阻垢剂和氯气，这是第一次 民族社区已经获得了一致、可持续和环保的方法 处理他们的饮用水，减少使用化学物质来 氧化并清除潜在的污染物。 在黄羽毛第一民族的最初安装过程是一片绿地 使用以前认为不可能经济处理的水源进行施工。 建筑物 关于黄纬项目的成功，该项目是位于 Pasqua First Nation进行了改造，以提供生物铁、砷和铵还原 然后进行膜处理，为第一民族居民提供更优质的水 那里工艺能力与黄纬管工艺相似，但作为工厂提供 在帕斯夸现有建筑范围内进行改造，费用仅为项目建设成本的一小部分 黄色羽毛笔工艺。本文介绍了该工艺的发展、水的类型 适用于、遇到的问题、改装注意事项和周围的物流 进程转换。还描述了这些过程的成本影响。包括12个参考文献、表格和图表。

The use of spiral wound membranes for treatment of brackish groundwater sources has gained widespread acceptance. This technology, however, is not without operational difficulties, one of which is membrane fouling. Groundwater supplies in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada are typically very hard, laden with iron, manganese, and often organic carbon and ammonium. Fouling through scaling can be controlled with antiscalant chemicals and recovery but typically some form of pretreatment is required to reduce the constituents that cause colloidal and biological fouling. Biological filtration prior to membranes has been implemented in some small First Nations water treatment systems in Saskatchewan. The stepwise filtration process targets iron, arsenic, ammonium and organic carbon to reduce these constituents as they can be used as an energy source for bacteria that may populate and foul the membrane elements. This process also reduces the potential for colloidal fouling by oxidized iron and manganese as chemical oxidants are not used. The water produced by the membranes exhibits a very low chlorine demand due to the removal of readily oxidized species. By limiting reliance and demand on chemicals for treatment of the water to only low dosages of membrane antiscalant and chlorine, the First Nation communities have gained a consistent, sustainable, and environmentally friendly method of treating their drinking water, with reduced costs and complications of utilizing chemicals to oxidize and remove potential foulants. The initial installation of this process at the Yellow Quill First Nation was a green-field construction using a water source previously thought unfeasible to treat economically. Building on the success of the Yellow Quill project, an existing manganese greensand process at the Pasqua First Nation was retrofitted to provide biological iron, arsenic, and ammonium reduction followed by membrane treatment to provide higher quality water to the First Nation residents there. The process capacity was similar to the Yellow Quill process but was provided as a plant retrofit within the existing building footprint at Pasqua, at a fraction of the construction cost of the Yellow Quill process. The paper describes the development of the process, types of water it is suitable for, issues encountered, retrofit considerations and the logistics surrounding the process conversion. Cost implications of these processes are also described. Includes 12 references, tables, figures.