1.1 这些参考射线照片说明了锡青铜和相关合金铸件中出现的各种不连续的类别、类型和严重程度。参考射线底片是本文件的附件，如有必要，必须从ASTM International单独购买（参见 2.2 ). 这些参考射线照片所代表的每种不连续类型的类别和严重程度如所述 1.2 . 注1: 这些参考射线照片的应用基础需要事先获得买方-供应商关于第节所述射线检测属性和分类标准的协议 4. , 7. , 8. , 9 和 10 符合本标准。 1.2 这些参考射线照片包括22张2 1. / 2. 5之前 1. / 2. -在中。（63.5×139.7-mm）最初用低压X射线曝光的标称尺寸复制品。其中15个是用1英寸的塑料制成的。（25.4 mm）平板铸件和七个（夹砂、嵌件、小冠）用 3. / 4. -在中。最初为250-537-1和-2型导航船衍生的平板铸件。1英寸。平板铸件包括气孔、线性收缩和羽状收缩不连续类型。原始射线照片显示了砂型铸造88中的不连续性: 8: 4 Cu-Sn-Zn，“G”型青铜合金板，是广泛凝固范围铜锡基合金中的代表。以下是本标准辅助参考射线照片的不连续类别、类型和严重程度列表: 1.2.1 A类- 气体孔隙度；严重性等级1至5，最高2英寸（含2英寸）。（50.8毫米）。（在以前的版本中称为“代码A不连续类型”）。 1.2.2 B类- 砂包裹体；严重性等级1至5，最高2英寸（含2英寸）。（50.8毫米）。（在以前的版本中称为“代码B不连续类型”）。 1.2.3 C类- 收缩两种类型（在以前的版本中称为“代码C不连续类型”）。 1.2.3.1 加利福尼亚州- 线性收缩；严重性等级1至5，最高2英寸（含2英寸）。（50.8毫米）。（在以前的版本中称为“代码Ca不连续类型”）。 1.2.3.2 Cd- 羽毛状和海绵状收缩（参见 注释2 ); 严重性等级1至5，最高2级（含2级） 在里面(50.8 毫米）。（在以前的版本中称为“代码Cd不连续类型”）。 注2: 羽状收缩不连续类型用于说明羽状或海绵状收缩不连续类型的骨料严重程度（参见 6.1 ). 1.2.4 D类- 热撕裂；一个插图（在以前的版本中称为“代码Da不连续类型”）。 1.2.5 E类- 插入件、小冠；一个插图（在以前的版本中称为“代码Eb不连续类型”）。 1.3 有时，参考射线照片辅助材料的制造工艺可能会有微小变化。这些变化可能包括所用薄膜或加工化学品的变化、硬纸板垫模具或印刷的变化等。；然而，在所有情况下，这些变化均由插图监测小组委员会审查，并根据固定原型图像审查所有参考射线照片，以确保参考射线照片所代表的验收水平没有变化。 因此，无论文本标准的生产日期或修订水平如何，附加参考射线照片均适用于本标准。 1.4 以英寸-磅为单位的数值应视为标准值。括号中给出的值是到国际单位制的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准值。 1.5 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 4.1 锡青铜和相关合金铸件的参考射线照片旨在作为识别常见不连续性及其类型和严重程度差异的指南。对这些合金最常见的不连续类型进行了说明。 为了便于参考，典型铸造缺陷和相应射线照相指示类型的描述包含在第节中 5. . 买方和供应商可通过相互协议选择特定的不连续性类别（见 1.2 )作为代表最低可接受水平的标准（见第 7. 和 8. ). 4.2 当确定适用于铸造服务应用时，本标准代表的参考射线照片可用于本标准范围外的能级、厚度或两者，如买方-供应商协议中约定。 部分 10 解决可能需要补焊的买方供应商要求。 4.3 第节规定了使用本标准适用参考射线照片评估生产射线照片的程序 9 ; 然而，可能存在涉及特定铸造服务应用的制造买方问题，在这些应用中可能需要修改或更改此类要求。如果此类修改可能适用于铸造应用，则所有此类变更应在买方-供应商协议或合同文件中注明。 4.4 以下ASTM规范说明了这些标准涵盖的合金； 然而，这些参考射线照片也适用于相关的政府和商业材料规范: 阀门青铜铸件 B61型 A. 成分青铜或盎司金属铸件 B62 B 锡青铜砂铸件 B584 铅红黄铜砂铸件 B584 铜基合金离心铸件（如适用） B271型 （A） 类似于MIL-B-16541。 （B） 类似于MIL-B-16444。

1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related alloy castings. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed (see 2.2 ). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2 . Note 1: The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4 , 7 , 8 , 9 , and 10 of this standard. 1.2 These reference radiographs consists of twenty-two 2 1 / 2 by 5 1 / 2 -in. (63.5 by 139.7-mm) nominal size reproductions originally exposed with low voltage X-rays. Fifteen of these were produced with 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings and seven (sand inclusions, inserts, chaplets) were produced with 3 / 4 -in. plate castings originally derived for NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The 1-in. plate castings cover gas porosity, linear shrinkage, and feathery shrinkage discontinuity types. The original radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates and are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types, and severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard: 1.2.1 Category A— Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code A discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.2 Category B— Sand inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code B discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.3 Category C— Shrinkage; two types (Called “Code C discontinuity type in previous revisions). 1.2.3.1 Ca— Linear shrinkage; severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code Ca discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.3.2 Cd— Feathery and spongy shrinkage (see Note 2 ); severity levels 1 through 5 for up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm). (Called “Code Cd discontinuity type” in previous revisions). Note 2: The feathery shrinkage discontinuity type is used to illustrate aggregate severity levels for either feathery or spongy shrinkage discontinuity types (see 6.1 ). 1.2.4 Category D— Hot tear; one illustration (Called “Code Da discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.2.5 Category E— Inserts, chaplets; one illustration (Called “Code Eb discontinuity type” in previous revisions). 1.3 From time to time, there may be minor changes to the process for manufacturing of the reference radiograph adjunct materials. These changes could include changes in the films or processing chemicals used, changes in the dies or printing for the cardboard mats, etc.; however, in all cases, these changes are reviewed by the Illustration Monitoring Subcommittee and all reference radiographs are reviewed against a fixed prototype image to ensure that there are no changes to the acceptance level represented by the reference radiographs. Therefore, the adjunct reference radiographs remain valid for use with this standard regardless of the date of production or the revision level of the text standard. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Reference radiographs for tin bronze and related alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting defects and corresponding radiographic indication types are contained in Section 5 . Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2 ) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 7 and 8 ). 4.2 Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Section 10 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required. 4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 9 ; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. 4.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference radiographs also apply to related government and commercial material specifications: Valve bronze castings B61 A Composition bronze or ounce metal castings B62 B Tin bronze sand castings B584 Leaded red brass sand castings B584 Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271 (A) Similar to MIL-B-16541. (B) Similar to MIL-B-16444.