1.背景1。1环境管理体系和ISO 14001环境管理体系（EMS）可以被认为是对与组织活动、产品和服务相关的环境问题的一般管理原则的应用。它提供了一个框架，在这个框架内，一个组织可以系统地识别和管理其活动、产品和服务中可能影响环境的要素。ISO标准14001是描述环境管理体系基本框架和要求的国际标准。 环境管理体系——整体管理体系的一部分，包括制定、实施、实现、审查和维护环境政策（ISO 14001）的组织结构、规划活动、责任、实践、程序、过程和资源。根据ISO 14001，环境管理体系建立在组织承诺的基础上，尤其是最高管理者的承诺，包括以下五个主要要素:（a）环境政策；（b） 规划；（c） 实施和运行； （d） 检查和纠正措施；和（e）管理审查。ISO 14001规定了可用于组织环境管理体系建模、评估或审核的标准。已经并正在制定其他标准，以进一步指导环境管理，并支持环境管理体系的制定和实施。这些标准包括ISO 14004、ISO 14010、ISO 14011、ISO 14012、ISO 14024、ISO/FDIS 14031和ISO 14040。注:注册ISO 14001不是强制性的。这是一个自愿的标准，组织可以将其用作EMS开发的框架。 此外，一个组织可以通过一个国际公认的独立机构申请其ISO14001环境管理体系的注册。1.2 EMS1的好处。2.1直接效益由于开发符合ISO 14001的环境管理体系，机场可能获得的潜在效益包括（a）改善整体环境绩效；（b） 减少环境事故的频率和严重性，以及不符合监管要求的情况；（c） 改进对可能防止或减轻其影响的事件的响应； （d） 在某些司法管辖区，在起诉或诉讼时，协助证明尽职调查；（e） 协助满足利益相关者的要求和/或期望；（f） 降低环境成本（通过节约资源和改善废物管理）；（g） 改善与政府机构和非政府组织的关系；（h） 经保险和贷款机构评估，降低了环境风险；（i） 提高员工参与度、士气和生产力；（j） 改善公共关系； （k）改善内部活动与环境的一致性。1.2.2注册利益已在ISO 14001中注册的机场可获得额外利益，包括（a）EMS的独立第三方验证；（b） EMS的国际认可；（c）在某些情况下，满足特定利益相关者的要求。

1. Background1.1Environmental Management Systems and ISO 14001An environmental management system (EMS) can be thought of as the application of general management principles to the enviro nmental issues associated with an organization's activities, products, and services. It provides a framework within which an organization can systematically identify and manage those elements of its activities, products, and services which have the potential to impact the environment.ISO Standard 14001 is an International Standard that describes the basic framework and requirements of an EMS.Environmental management system - the part of the overall management system that includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environmental policy (ISO 14001).According to ISO 14001, an EMS is founded on organizational commitment, especially that of top management, and includes the following five major elements: (a) environmental policy; (b) planning; (c) implementation and operation; (d) checking and corrective action; and (e) management review.ISO 14001 specifies criteria that can be used to model, assess, or audit an organization's EMS. Other standards have been, and are being, developed to lend further guidance on environmental management and support EMS development and implementation.These Standards include ISO 14004, ISO 14010, ISO 14011, ISO 14012, ISO 14024, ISO/FDIS 14031, and ISO 14040. Note: It is not mandatory to become registered to ISO 14001. It is a voluntary standard that an organization can use as a framework for EMS development. In addition, an organization can seek registration of its ISO 14001 EMS through an internationally recognized independent body.1.2Benefits of an EMS1.2.1Direct Benefits The potential benefits that may accrue to an airport as a result of developing an EMS that conforms to ISO 14001 include (a) improved overall environmental performance; (b) reduced frequency and severity of environmental incidents and noncompliance with regulatory requirements; (c) improved response to incidents, which may prevent or mitigate their impacts; (d) assistance in demonstrating due diligence, in some jurisdicti ons, in the event of prosecution or litigation; (e) assistance in meeting stakeholder requirements and/or expectations; (f) reduced environmental costs (through conservation of resources and improved waste management); (g) improved relations with government agencies and non- government organizations; (h) reduced environmental risk as assessed by insurance and lending institutions; (i) increased employee involvement, morale, and productivity; (j) improved public relations; and (k) improved internal consistency in undertaking activities with environmental implications.1.2.2Registration Benefits Airports that become registered to ISO 14001 may obtain additional benefits, including (a) independent, third-party verification of the EMS; (b) international recognition of the EMS; and (c) in some cases, satisfaction of specific stakeholder requirements.