1.1 这些实践涵盖了用于收集尽可能代表整个起始材料的少量金属粉末的取样方法，并详细介绍了将该数量减少到较小测试部分的推荐程序，在这些测试部分上可以确定化学、物理和机械性能数据。 1.2 根据取样粉末的储存和运输条件的适用性，描述了几种取样实践: 1.2.1 实践1A（描述于 6 )— 适用于对移动粉末进行采样，例如当从一个容器转移到另一个容器或转移到工艺流时；或从输送机上掉落时；或在移动的工艺流中。这是获得组合以形成总样本的几个增量的优选实践。1.2.2 实践1B（描述于 7 )— 适用于对已经包装运输的粉末进行取样，如装在袋子或桶中。空心管状槽取样器是对这些包装粉末进行取样以获得增量的推荐方法（ 7.1.1 ).或者，当其他方法不可能或不可用时，此处指定的过程（ 7.1.2 )可用于使用指定材料和配置的勺子从粉末中随机舀取样品。 1.2.3 实践2（描述于 8 )— 适用于从复合样品获得测试部分。对于较大量的粉末，通常使用斜槽分离器，而对于较少量的粉末，则使用旋转槽分离器。 1.3 这些实践适用于粒径通常小于1毫米的颗粒材料或颗粒混合物，并包括含有润滑剂的混合物，有或没有其他非润滑剂。准备压实的金属添加剂。 1.4 这些实践不包括片状粉末或糊状物的取样。有关片状金属粉末和浆料的取样和测试程序，请参阅测试方法 D480 . 1.5 单位- 以英寸-磅单位表示的值应被视为标准值。括号中给出的值是对SI单位的数学转换，仅供参考，不被视为标准。 1.6 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全性问题（如果有）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践并确定法规限制的适用性。 1.7 本国际标准是根据关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定中确定的国际公认的标准化原则制定的由世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布。 ======意义和用途====== 4.1 金属粉末和金属粉末产品的规格和测试方法要求对从大量粉末中取出的小样品进行取样、测试和性能评估。取样程序与测试和评估同样重要；所使用的取样方法必须包括一切预防措施，以确保获得的样品将显示其所代表的大量粉末的真实性质和状况。 4.2 任何取样程序的主要目标都是获得少量的材料，这些材料真正代表了大量的材料，这种情况很容易理解，但很难定义、量化和证明。需要某些标准来满足该条件: 3 4.2.1 每个采样增量应该有一个 非零概率 被选中。 4.2.2 所有增量都应具有 等概率 被选中。 4.2.3 取样程序 不应改变 材料（例如，通过改变粒度或化学组成）。 4.3 取样a 活动的 粉末有助于满足这些标准；因此，应尽可能使用实践1A来获得复合样品。同样，实践2应用于获得测试部分；在可能和可行的情况下，优选使用旋转锉。 4.4 尽管并不总是符合以下所有标准 4.2.1– 4.2.3 本标准中描述的其他取样实践基于粉末冶金行业在粒状金属粉末取样方面久经考验的经验。这些实践已被证明可以产生提供可靠和代表性评估数据的样本。 4.5 由于许多测试是使用非常少量的粉末来进行的，因此以标准化的方式获得测试部分是最重要的。这里描述的实践考虑了在容器填充期间和之后金属粉末分离的可能性。 4.6 金属粉末的样品量用于化学分析和确定粉末的物理特性。这些数据用于成品批次的生产控制和质量检查。 4.7 由粉末样品生产的压坯用于评估金属粉末的压实性能，这一信息对于在制造粉末冶金轴承和结构部件中使用这些粉末很重要。4.8 由金属粉末样品生产的测试样品被压实和烧结，并用于测量固体PM材料的物理和机械性能。获得的数据包含在PM材料规范中，以帮助PM应用的材料选择。 4.9 固体PM制品——结构部件、轴承等。-由金属粉末样品生产，以评估此类制品的制造和最终使用中的粉末性能。

1.1 These practices cover sampling methods used to collect a small quantity of metal powder that is as representative of the entire starting material as possible, and detail the procedures that are recommended for reducing this quantity into smaller test portions on which chemical, physical, and mechanical property data may be determined. 1.2 Several sampling practices are described, depending on their applicability to the conditions of storage and transport of the sampled powders: 1.2.1 Practice 1A (Described in Section 6 )— Applicable to sampling moving powders, as when being transferred from one container to another or to a process stream; or when falling from a conveyor; or in a moving process stream. This is the preferred practice for obtaining the several increments that are combined to form the gross sample. 1.2.2 Practice 1B (Described in Section 7 )— Applicable to sampling powders that have already been packaged for transport, as in a bag or drum. A hollow tubular slot sampler is the recommended way to sample these packaged powders to obtain the increments ( 7.1.1 ). Alternatively, when other methods are not possible or available, a procedure specified here ( 7.1.2 ) may be used to randomly scoop samples from the powder, using a scoop of specified material and configuration. 1.2.3 Practice 2 (Described in Section 8 )— Applicable to obtaining test portions from the composite sample. For larger quantities of powder, a chute splitter is generally used, while a spinning riffler is used for smaller quantities. 1.3 These practices apply to particulate materials or mixtures of particulates with particle sizes generally less than one millimetre and include mixtures containing lubricant, with or without other non-metallic additives, that are ready for compacting. 1.4 These practices do not cover the sampling of flake powders or pastes. For procedures on the sampling and testing of flake metal powders and pastes, refer to Test Methods D480 . 1.5 Units— The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Specifications and test methods for metal powders and metal powder products require the sampling, testing, and performance evaluation of small samples taken from large quantities of powder. The sampling procedure is equally as important as the testing and evaluation; the sampling methods used must include every precaution to ensure that the samples obtained will show the true nature and condition of the large powder quantity that they represent. 4.2 The primary objective of any sampling procedure is to obtain a small quantity of material that is truly representative of the larger amount from which it is taken, a condition that is readily comprehended but difficult to define, quantify, and prove. Certain criteria are desirable to meet this condition: 3 4.2.1 Every sampling increment should have a non-zero probability of being selected. 4.2.2 All increments should have an equal probability of being selected. 4.2.3 The sampling procedure should not alter the material (for example, by changing the particle size or chemical composition). 4.3 Sampling a moving powder helps to satisfy these criteria; therefore, Practice 1A should be used whenever possible to obtain the composite sample. Similarly, Practice 2 should be used to obtain the test portions; use of a spinning riffler is preferred when possible and practicable. 4.4 Although not always meeting all the criteria of 4.2.1 – 4.2.3 , the other sampling practices described in this standard are based on time-proven experience in the PM industry in sampling granular metal powders. These practices have been shown to produce samples that give reliable and representative evaluation data. 4.5 Since many tests are performed using very small amounts of powder meant to represent much larger quantities, it is most important that the test portions be obtained in a standardized manner. The practices described here take into account the possibility of segregation of the metal powder during and after filling of containers. 4.6 Sample quantities of metal powder are used for chemical analysis and to determine the physical characteristics of the powder. These data are used for production control and quality inspection of finished lots. 4.7 Green compacts produced from powder samples are used to evaluate the compactability properties of metal powders, information that is important to the use of these powders in the manufacture of PM bearings and structural parts. 4.8 Test specimens produced from metal powder samples are compacted and sintered and used to measure physical and mechanical properties of solid PM materials. The data obtained are included in PM material specifications to assist with material selection for PM applications. 4.9 Solid PM articles—structural parts, bearings, etc.—are produced from metal powder samples to evaluate powder performance in the manufacturing and end use of such articles.