1.1 本指南仅用于教程目的，概述了放射线成像的一般原理。 1.2 本标准中提出的许多技术正在迅速过时。特别是，今天很少使用直接观察荧光粉或闪烁体。然而，本文中的材料与已经过渡到数字技术的基线技术相关（见指南 E2736 向全数字技术过渡）。 1.3 本指南描述了用于实时和近实时、非胶片检测、显示和记录放射线图像的实践和图像质量测量系统。 放射线透视图像可以理解为X射线照片的实时（实时或接近实时）呈现，这些照片可能之前已经记录过，也可能没有记录过。这些用于材料检查的图像是通过穿透穿过受试材料的辐射并在检测介质上产生图像而生成的。虽然所描述的辐射源具体是X射线和伽马射线，但一般概念可用于其他辐射源，如中子。图像检测和显示技术是非胶片的，但不排除使用摄影胶片作为永久记录图像的手段。 注1: 为便于参考，请参阅术语 E1316 . 1.4 本指南总结了数字探测器阵列（DDA）出现之前的放射线技术状态，数字探测器阵列也可用于放射线成像。有关DDA的摘要，请参阅指南 E2736 应注意的是，本文所列的一些探测器配置具有与指南中所述类似的基础 E2736 . 1.5 本标准并不旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如果有的话）。本标准的使用者有责任在使用前建立适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 有关具体的安全预防措施，请参阅第节 6. . 1.6 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认的标准化原则制定的。 =====意义和用途====== 4.1 射线透视是一种用于检查物体的通用无损检测方法。它在暴露条件允许的范围内，提供有关内部和外部缺陷的性质、大小、位置和分布的即时信息。 它还可以快速检查尺寸、机械配置以及机构中组件的存在和定位。它实时指示，给定空间分辨率和对比灵敏度限制，机构或组件中任何地方都存在结构或组件缺陷。通过操纵，它可以提供有关对象内感兴趣项目的性质、大小和相对位置的三维信息，并可进一步用于检查内部机制的功能。射线检查允许及时评估产品完整性，并允许根据验收标准迅速处置产品。 虽然与射线照相方法密切相关，但它在时间、人力和材料方面的运营成本要低得多。相反，它可能不如放射线照相法对更微妙特征的检测那么敏感。 4.2 如果计算机中有足够的RAM，则可以通过使用传统相机的电影记录（电影荧光摄影）、视频记录或“静止”照片，或将图像堆栈直接数字流式传输和存储到内部或外部硬盘驱动器，或直接存储到RAM位置，来获得放射线图像的长期记录。 放射线透视图像可以被电子增强、数字化或以其他方式处理，以改进视觉图像分析或自动、计算机辅助分析，或两者兼而有之。 4.3 计算机系统能够实现图像或帧平均以降低噪声。对于某些应用，需要图像积分或平均来获得所需的图像质量，因此可能会失去实时响应。作为附加组件，自动缺陷识别系统（ADR）可以与放射线透视图像一起使用。 4.4 人员资格-- 按照本标准进行检查的人员应符合国家或国际公认的无损检测人员资格实践或标准，如ANSI/ASNT CP- 189、SNT-TC-1A、NAS 410、ISO 9712、EN 4179或类似文件，并经雇主或认证机构认证（如适用）。所使用的惯例或标准及其适用的修订应在使用方之间的合同协议中确定。

1.1 This guide is for tutorial purposes only and to outline the general principles of radioscopic imaging. 1.2 Much of the technology presented in this standard is rapidly becoming obsolete. In particular, direct viewing of phosphors or scintillators discussed is rarely used today. However, the material herein is relevant as baseline technology that has transitioned to digital technologies (See Guide E2736 for the transition to fully digital technologies). 1.3 This guide describes practices and image quality measuring systems for real-time, and near real-time, non-film detection, display, and recording of radioscopic images. Radioscopic imagery can be understood to be a live (real-time, or near real-time) presentation of X-ray radiographs that may or may not have been previously recorded. These images, used in materials examination, are generated by penetrating radiation passing through the subject material and producing an image on the detecting medium. Although the described radiation sources are specifically X-ray and gamma-ray, the general concepts can be used for other radiation sources such as neutrons. The image detection and display techniques are non-film, but the use of photographic film as a means for permanent recording of the image is not precluded. Note 1: For information purposes, refer to Terminology E1316 . 1.4 This guide summarizes the state of radioscopic technology prior to the advent of Digital Detector Arrays (DDAs), which may also be used for radioscopic imaging. For a summary of DDAs, see Guide E2736 . It should be noted that some detector configurations listed herein have similar foundations to those described in Guide E2736 . 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precautionary statements, see Section 6 . 1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 4.1 Radioscopy is a versatile nondestructive means for examining an object. It provides immediate information regarding the nature, size, location, and distribution of imperfections, both internal and external to the extent the exposure conditions allow. It also provides a rapid check of the dimensions, mechanical configuration, and the presence and positioning of components in a mechanism. It indicates in real-time, given spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity limitations the presence of structural or component imperfections anywhere in a mechanism or an assembly. Through manipulation, it may provide three-dimensional information regarding the nature, sizes, and relative positioning of items of interest within an object and can be further employed to check the functioning of internal mechanisms. Radioscopy permits timely assessments of product integrity and allows prompt disposition of the product based on acceptance standards. Although closely related to the radiographic method, it has much lower operating costs in terms of time, manpower, and material. Conversely, it may not be as sensitive to the detection of more subtle features as the radiographic method. 4.2 Long-term records of the radioscopic image may be obtained through motion-picture recording (cinefluorography), video recording, or “still” photographs using conventional cameras, or direct digital streaming and storage of image stacks to internal or external hard drives, or directly to RAM locations, given sufficient RAM is present in the computer. The radioscopic image may be electronically enhanced, digitized, or otherwise processed for improved visual image analysis or automatic, computer-aided analysis, or both. 4.3 Computer systems enable image or frame averaging for noise reduction. For some applications image integration or averaging is required to get the required image quality, and thus may lose their real-time responses. As an add-on, an automatic defect recognition system (ADR) may be used with the radioscopic image. 4.4 Personnel Qualification— Personnel performing examinations to this standard shall be qualified in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT CP-189, SNT-TC-1A, NAS 410, ISO 9712, EN 4179 or similar document and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties.