近年来，低压膜系统的使用经历了指数级增长 过去五年，由于其输送饮用水和废水的能力超过 更严格的标准。凭借其模块化设计和先进的自动化， 目前正在建造的膜处理厂能够以最小的成本提供安全性和灵活性 操作员干预。薄膜普及的另一个驱动力是它们的 成本从未降低过。更高效的工艺操作促进了成本的降低， 扩大了生产能力，增加了竞争。最重要的因素 这决定了膜设备的大小或膜的数量是膜的 处理污垢的能力。设计良好的膜，具有高孔隙率和渗透性， 将内在地提供更好的流量和经济性。然而，要利用这些物质 因此，必须以实用和经济的方式控制膜污染。 给水预处理通常对膜的上浆有可量化的好处 系统。然而，预处理会带来相关成本，通常在以下情况下使用: 需要额外去除污染物。例如，膜前凝固 过滤用于降低原水中的TOC。 控制污垢的另一种选择是明智地使用“增强通量” 有效增加膜通量的维护（EFM）策略，从而 大大降低了膜的成本。经常保持膜的清洁 并且尽可能地允许最有效地利用膜面积和孔隙率。 本文介绍了污垢产生的原因以及EFM的应用细节 全面设施的流程。成功实施EFM的案例包括: 假如 给出了36mgd膜的正常通量和增强通量的现值成本 工厂设计。 使用EFM在通量增加的情况下运行膜，可节省30%的成本 在寿命周期内的成本和20%更小的占地面积。较低的膜资本和 更换成本大大超过了增加使用化学物质来减少污染的相关成本 减少污垢和能量，以保持更高的流量。包括4个参考文献、表格和图表。

The use of low-pressure membrane systems has experienced exponential growth over the past five years due to their abilities to deliver drinking water and wastewater that exceed more stringent standards. With their modular design and sophisticated automation, membrane plants are now being built to deliver safety and flexibility with minimal operator intervention. Another driving force for the popularity of membranes is that their costs have never been lower. Lower costs are spurred by more efficient process operation, expanded manufacturing capacity and increased competition. The most important factor that dictates the membrane plant size or the number of membranes is the membrane's ability to handle fouling. A well-designed membrane, with high porosity and permeability, will inherently provide better flux and economics. However, to make use of those physical properties, membrane fouling must be controlled in a practical and economical manner. Pretreatment of the feed water usually has a quantifiable benefit on the sizing of membrane systems. However, pretreatment carries an associated cost and is typically applied when additional contaminant removal is required. For example, coagulation prior to membrane filtration is applied to reduce TOC in raw water. An alternative option to control fouling is through the judicious use of an "enhanced flux maintenance" (EFM) strategy that effectively increases the membrane flux, thereby reducing the cost of membranes quite significantly. Keeping the membranes clean as often and as long as possible allows the most efficient use of the membranes area and porosity. This paper presents the causes of fouling and the details of the application of the EFM process for full-scale facilities. Case histories of successful implementation of EFM's are provided. Present worth costs for normal flux and enhanced flux are given for a 36-mgd membrane plant design. Operating membranes at enhanced flux using EFM resulted in 30% savings in lifetime costs and 20% smaller footprint. The benefits of lower membrane capital and replacement costs greatly exceed costs associated with increased use of chemicals to mitigate fouling and energy to maintain a higher flux. Includes 4 references, tables, figures.