1.1 本指南涵盖了一种用于定性概念化和定量描述地下水流动系统（包括非饱和带）的综合逐步方法，用于自然或人为行为或变化。 1.2 本指南可用于任何调查规模，包括现场特定、分区域和区域应用。 1.3 本指南描述了一个迭代过程，用于开发表征地下水流动系统的多个工作假设。该过程旨在减少概念模型、观测、解释和分析方面的不确定性，以假设和完善地下水流动系统最可能的概念模型。 该过程还旨在减少表征过程中确定的参数的实际值范围。本指南不涉及与水文地质和地下水系统表征和量化的特定方法相关的定量不确定性，例如，水井施工对水位测量的影响。 1.4 本指南介绍了一般程序、所需数据类型和参考资料，使研究人员能够完成与地质水文过程和水文地质框架有关的每种数据类型的分析和解释过程。本指南建议在概念化过程的每个步骤中使用的数据和分析组。 1.5 本指南不涉及表征水文地质和地下水系统特性的具体方法。 1.6 本指南不涉及地下水流动系统表征和量化过程中使用的模型选择、设计或属性。本指南不涉及模型模式化过程，包括水文系统的简化和模型中水文地质参数的表示。 1.7 本指南不涉及描述喀斯特和裂隙岩石地形所需的特殊注意事项。在此类水文地质环境中，请参阅Quinlan ( 1. ) 2. 和指南 D5717 以获取更多指导。 1.8 本指南不涉及有关地下化学物质来源、归宿和移动的特殊注意事项。 1.9 本标准并非旨在解决与其使用相关的所有安全问题（如有）。本标准的用户有责任在使用前制定适当的安全、健康和环境实践，并确定监管限制的适用性。 1.10 本指南提供了有组织的信息收集或一系列选项，并不推荐具体的行动方案。本文件不能取代教育或经验，应与专业判断一起使用。 并非本指南的所有方面都适用于所有情况。本ASTM标准不代表或取代必须根据其判断给定专业服务的充分性的谨慎标准，也不应在不考虑项目的许多独特方面的情况下应用本文件。本文件标题中的“标准”一词仅表示该文件已通过ASTM共识程序获得批准。 1.11 本国际标准是根据世界贸易组织技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）委员会发布的《关于制定国际标准、指南和建议的原则的决定》中确立的国际公认标准化原则制定的。 ====意义和用途====== 5.1 地下水系统的概念化和表征是任何定性或定量分析的基础。这种概念化从研究者头脑中的简单抽象开始，强调所研究系统的主要组成部分，可以用定性术语或简单的插图来呈现。系统表示的进一步发展程度取决于地下水问题的特征和项目目标。抽象概念可能就足够了，或者可以通过使用日益复杂的分析模型对其进行进一步定义和量化，并且在某些情况下，可以使用数值模型。 如果使用数值模型，随着项目的发展，模型中表示的特征的详细程度和复杂程度可能会增加。当相关分析的结果足以解决所要解决的问题时，应终止地下水流动系统概念化的演变。 5.2 本指南可用于以下方面: 5.2.1 评估地下水流动系统的自然变化。 5.2.2 评估地下水流动系统的人为应力，例如抽水供水、灌溉、诱导渗透或注水井。 5.2.3 评估地下水污染物的存在和速度。 5.2.4 设计和选择数学模型来模拟地下水系统； 并根据定义的问题、表征的地下水流动系统和选择的模型，完成模型的图式化和属性化。 5.2.5 设计地下水修复系统。 5.3 本指南灵活描述了具体技术和调查要求；由其他ASTM标准或非ASTM技术定义的方法在某些情况下可能适用，并且在适当考虑后，本文中的一些技术可能会被省略、更改或增强。 5.3.1 主要标题（章节）中包含了需要考虑概念化和特征化的项目的全面列表 6. 通过 13 )和第一个副标题（例如， 7.1 和 8.1 ). 5.3.2 在岩溶和裂隙岩石水文地质环境中，本指南应与指南一起使用 D5717 . 5.4 用于建模或其他应用的地下水系统的概念化、表征和量化所需的方法和工作量将随现场条件、调查目标和调查人员经验而变化。本指南并不取代水文地质学原理或地下水系统分析和量化方面的适当学术培训和经验。本指南未制定强制性指南，也未列出所有调查的必要步骤或程序。 5.5 本指南可用于项目规划和数据收集，但不提供现场表征技术的具体方面。参考指南中的表X1.1 D5730 实践 D5254/D5254M ，和参考文献 ( 3. , 4. , 5. , 和 6. ) 有关现场表征技术的进一步指导。 5.6 本指南可用于生成必要信息，作为模型选择、设计过程的一部分，并作为模型模式化的输入，包括水文系统的简化和模型中水文地质参数的表示。参考Ref ( 7. ) 以获取进一步指导。

1.1 This guide covers an integrated, stepwise method for the qualitative conceptualization and quantitative characterization of groundwater flow systems, including the unsaturated zone, for natural or human-induced behavior or changes. 1.2 This guide may be used at any scale of investigation, including site-specific, subregional, and regional applications. 1.3 This guide describes an iterative process for developing multiple working hypotheses for characterizing groundwater flow systems. This process aims at reducing uncertainty with respect to conceptual models, observation, interpretation, and analysis in terms of hypothesis and refinement of the most likely conceptual model of the groundwater flow system. The process is also aimed at reducing the range of realistic values for parameters identified during the characterization process. This guide does not address the quantitative uncertainty associated with specific methods of hydrogeologic and groundwater system characterization and quantification, for example, the effects of well construction on water-level measurement. 1.4 This guide addresses the general procedure, types of data needed, and references that enable the investigator to complete the process of analysis and interpretation of each data type with respect to geohydrologic processes and hydrogeologic framework. This guide recommends the groups of data and analysis to be used during each step of the conceptualization process. 1.5 This guide does not address the specific methods for characterizing hydrogeologic and groundwater system properties. 1.6 This guide does not address model selection, design, or attribution for use in the process of groundwater flow system characterization and quantification. This guide does not address the process of model schematization, including the simplification of hydrologic systems and the representation of hydrogeologic parameters in models. 1.7 This guide does not address special considerations required for characterization of karst and fractured rock terrain. In such hydrogeologic settings, refer to Quinlan ( 1 ) 2 and Guide D5717 for additional guidance. 1.8 This guide does not address special considerations regarding the source, fate, and movement of chemicals in the subsurface. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.10 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process. 1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. ====== Significance And Use ====== 5.1 Conceptualization and characterization of a groundwater system is fundamental to any qualitative or quantitative analysis. This conceptualization begins with simple abstractions in the investigator's mind, emphasizing the major components of the studied system, that can be rendered in qualitative terms or simple illustrations. The extent of further development of the representation of the system depends on the character of the groundwater problem and the project objective. The abstract concept may suffice, or it may be further defined and quantified through use of analytical models of increasing complexity, and, in some cases, numerical models may be employed. If numerical models are used, the level of detail and sophistication of features represented in the model is likely to increase as the project develops. Evolution of conceptualization of a groundwater flow system should be terminated when the results of the related analyses are sufficient for the problem being addressed. 5.2 This guide may be used in the following: 5.2.1 Evaluating natural variations in groundwater flow systems. 5.2.2 Evaluating anthropogenic stresses on groundwater flow systems, such as pumping for water supply, irrigation, induced infiltration, or well injection. 5.2.3 Evaluating presence and velocity of groundwater contaminants. 5.2.4 Designing and selecting mathematical models to simulate groundwater systems; and completing model schematization and attribution based on the problem defined, characterized groundwater flow system, and model(s) selected. 5.2.5 Designing groundwater remediation systems. 5.3 This guide is a flexible description of specific techniques and investigation requirements; methods defined by other ASTM Standards or non-ASTM techniques may be appropriate in some circumstances and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced. 5.3.1 A comprehensive list of items to be considered conceptualization and characterization are included in the main headings (Sections 6 through 13 ) and first subheadings (for example, 7.1 and 8.1 ). 5.3.2 In karst and fractured rock hydrogeologic settings, this guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5717 . 5.4 The methods and amount of effort required for conceptualization, characterization, and quantification of groundwater systems for modeling or other applications will vary with site conditions, objectives of investigation, and investigator experience. This guide does not replace proper academic training and experience in hydrogeologic principles, or in groundwater system analysis and quantification. This guide does not set mandatory guidelines and does not constitute a list of necessary steps or procedures for all investigations. 5.5 This guide may be used for project planning and data collection, but does not provide specific aspects for field characterization techniques. Refer to Table X1.1 in Guide D5730 , Practice D5254/D5254M , and Refs ( 3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 ) for further guidance regarding field characterization techniques. 5.6 This guide may be used to generate the necessary information as part of the process for model selection, design, and as input to model schematization, including the simplification of hydrologic systems and the representation of hydrogeologic parameters in models. Refer to Ref ( 7 ) for further guidance.